Synovial sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that originates in soft tissues such as muscles, ligaments, or connective tissues. It is commonly found in areas like the arms, legs, or feet, often near joints such as the wrists or ankles. It can also form in soft tissues in the lungs or abdomen. Synovial sarcoma is sometimes referred to as malignant synovioma.
Synovial sarcoma is relatively rare, accounting for 5% to 10% of all soft tissue tumors. This cancer often affects younger individuals, with about one-third of cases diagnosed in patients under the age of 30. It is slightly more common in males than females.
Signs and Diagnosis
The symptoms of synovial sarcoma depend on the tumor’s location. It is often first noticed as a painless lump, but if the tumor presses on a nerve, it may cause pain, swelling, or numbness.
Diagnostic Tools
Imaging Tests: Doctors use X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, or MRIs to visualize the tumor.
Biopsy: A small sample of the tumor is taken using a needle and examined under a microscope by a pathologist to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment Options
Surgery is the primary treatment for synovial sarcoma. If the entire tumor can be removed and there is no sign of cancer elsewhere in the body, the chances of long-term survival improve. Success depends on the tumor’s size and location. Radiation therapy may be used alongside surgery, either before to shrink the tumor or after to kill any remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be recommended for tumors that cannot be completely removed or if the cancer has spread. Patients should discuss the potential benefits and risks of chemotherapy with their medical team.
Causes and Genetic Factors
Synovial sarcoma is not hereditary and does not run in families. Synovial sarcoma develops due to genetic changes within cells. Scientists have identified a specific genetic abnormality in which the SYT gene fuses with SSX genes. This chromosomal rearrangement disrupts normal cell function and contributes to the development of cancer. Doctors often test for this gene fusion to confirm a diagnosis.
Prognosis and Survival
Prognosis varies depending on several factors, including: The location and size of the tumor
Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body; The success of surgical tumor removal; Survival rates for synovial sarcoma range from 36% to 76% five years after diagnosis. The likelihood of long-term survival improves significantly if the tumor is completely removed and does not recur or spread.
Here is a page that provides an overview of sarcoma and its most common subtypes.
Resource: NCI
